Thursday, October 31, 2019

Summary of Aristotle's ethical system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary of Aristotle's ethical system - Essay Example Another motivating factor is an honor, but again this emphasizes more on praising others. For this reason, Aristotle concludes that the means of attaining happiness, which is also the main purpose of human existence, is the virtue. In particular, happiness is said to be complete without qualification because it is chosen for itself, and people never choose it for anything else. Virtues, however, are chosen for the sake of happiness. These virtues can be intellectual such as judgment, wisdom and practical wisdom, while others maybe character such as temperance and generosity Virtue involves an individual’s habit and choices. When a person makes the right decisions, they eventually develop a virtuous disposition of habit which allows them to make decisions a lot easier when they encounter the same type of problems. In essence, an individual will no longer have to run through a list of options each and every time they encounter an ethical problem, but will instead apply what they used previously. Another question that arises is how to make the right decisions. According to Aristotle, making the right choices involves the people following virtue: which is a mean between two extremes of excess and defect. This means that when an individual is faced is in a certain situation; they will tend to make a choice that is equidistant from two possible extremes. For instance, when a person is faced with a defect of cowardliness and an excess of rashness, an individual would settle for an average of courage.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Machhavelli and the concepts of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Machhavelli and the concepts of War - Essay Example However, in either of these considerations for traditional, modern and post-modern war, Niccolo Machiavelli was renowned for its remarkable concepts about war in general. It is the purpose of this paper to emphasize the whole point of Machiavelli on the concept of war. Thus, the proponent tries to emphasize Machiavelli as a diplomat and together with his role on the concepts of war. Machiavelli was engaged in trying to make government leader aware about the perils and the good things about war. However, part of such meaningful understanding about war is to elaborately discuss his idea on the subject matter. In order to understand him further on his engagement in the concept of war, his various writing on ‘The Prince’, ‘the Discourses’ and ‘The Art of War’ all consist of ideas and theories about politics, human nature, the concept of war and other societal issues. He is indeed a diplomat on the concept of war in his own ways. How to exactly identify Machiavelli as a diplomat on the concept of war is the main point of this section. Part of the discussion is the inclusion of various analyses about Machiavelli as a diplomat on the concept of war based on his works. A diplomat needs to have the needed skills in making people entirely agree with his or her idea. Machiavelli was able to make it by trying to emphasize that war in his books is only required if there is a need to do so. There are various risks in trying to come up with war if in the end it is justified that more destructions than advantage are obtained. Niccolo Machiavelli without question was highly skilled on the business of making agreements or making people agree on his concept of war. There are other various thinkers like Machiavelli but his way of thinking on the concept of war was able to gain various political considerations until the present time. Machiavelli always looked at the concern of the country and its citizens. Since he is

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Neural Prosthetic Hand Developments

Neural Prosthetic Hand Developments A recent innovation in the field of medical is the Neural Prosthetic hand. New origination in the field of neural prosthetics shows that they require a change in the material approach. Due to the reason, that, not all of the materials are bio-compatible and provide stability with the tissues in which they are implanted. After the successful development of various prostheses, for example, cochlear and retinal prostheses, the scientists think of developing other prostheses. The new prostheses will be able to help a number of people who are injured or have lost their limbs, have epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, chronic pain, Alzheimer’s disease, people who have speech disabilities and many other who have various forms of diseases will benefit from the new emerging neural prostheses (Varrasi, 2014). Neural Prosthetics It is a mixture of two fields which are neuro-science and bio-medical engineering. With the help of neuro-scientists, bio-medical engineers design and develop prostheses, which are the life changing factor of any injured person or for a person who is suffering from some diseases like discussed above. The neural prostheses can be defined as numerous devices which can mimic the function of the motor, sensory or cognitive models of the human subject which have been destroyed due to some injury. These devices are prepared with the help computer on which the design is made. After which, prototype is made which is used to test the ability of the proposed solution that whether it will work or whether it will have any adverse effects on the subject (Locsin, n.d.). These are implantable devices, some common examples of these are, pacemaker, bladder control prostheses, auditory prostheses (like cochlear implants), auditory prostheses (like hearing aid used by aged people who have hearing problems either due to age or due to some injury), pain relieving prostheses, conscious movement prostheses, motor prostheses, cognitive prostheses, and so on. Why should the company adopt it? As both the fields, neuro-science and bio-medical engineering, are newly emerged and have great scope in the future, this new innovation should be adopted. This will produce great profit to the company as there are hundreds of people who are deprived of the most basic senses like hearing, seeing, speaking, walking, and writing. So these are the people who will be buying these prostheses to get them implanted in their body. Through this, good revenue will be generated to the company and the consumer of the prostheses will be gaining the ability which he was deprived of. Another reason to adopt this is, a newly developed or introduced product (in this case a neural prostheses) is always a site of attraction to the people and a sign of relief to those who are in need of it. And for sure, these products will gain popularity in the rehabilitation centers who work for the well-being of people admitted in the rehabilitation centers (Handa, 2006). Problems in the development of the neural prosthetics As this is a region where the product is in direct contact of the inside of the human body it has to be prepared very carefully. First and foremost problem which occurs is whether the material used in the development of the prostheses is bio-compatible or not. Due to reason being, if the material is not bio-compatible, it will infect the tissues of the body (as some of the materials for the development of these prostheses can become poisonous when they come in contact of body tissue) where it was implanted. Next is the problem of acquiring the bio-signal from the body of the patient, as bio-signals are very weak and cannot be recorded easily. Then, is the issue of power consumption of the implanted device, which heats up when it uses more than the required amount of power. This is a serious problem as it might burn out the tissues in which it is implanted. The tissues are highly sensitive to rise in temperature (Garrison, 2007). Another problem is the life of the implanted prostheses in the human body. As every electronic item has some life span, so do these products also. A small issue that is the comfort level of the prostheses may make it not useable. Solution to the problem The first problem could be solved by a simple test of the bio-compatibility. Bio-compatibility is the ability of a bio-material that how well it performs with the host tissue (Black, 2006) without producing any adverse effects (Michel Vert, 2012). In this test, the sample is tested in collaboration with the human tissue and normal ranges of the body parameters are noted. This helps in the development of the prostheses which is bio-compatible and will not affect the body tissues. The other issue could be resolved by making a circuitry, which acquires the signal from the human body and then amplifies the signal to a limit that can be recognized. The power consumption issue is resolved by setting the rate at which the prostheses is to operate. Thus, by limiting its operation, the amount of power consumed will also be limited. The last issue discussed is regarding the life span of the electronic implant in the body. It is possible to use such batteries like lithium ion batteries which have a greater life span in comparison of the other batteries that have lesser life span. The comfort level of the prostheses could be checked by first preparing the prototype which is made to check the durability. Benefits to the field and company These prostheses could be developed in numbers and then can be exported to various parts of the world where they are in need. The field benefits by this innovation as after successful researches, these prostheses could be used as an example for the next upcoming prostheses. The new upcoming prostheses can be used for deep brain injury or to stimulate the spinal cord that will help the scientists and doctors to help patients in the rehabilitation centers. Another type of prostheses is the motor neural prostheses, which are also known as the brain machine interfaces (BMIs). These prostheses can regain the ability of the motor functions which were destroyed due to the some injuries. The benefits of this product to the field is that number of people, including athletes, who might have lost their limb due to some accident, can use this facility and re-gain their passion of participating in tournaments, races, and other activities of interest. The benefit to the company is that it will gain popularity among the other companies. Due to exports and selling of these prostheses, the company will have huge revenue which can be re-invested to make new prostheses for various regions of the body. References Black, J. (2006). Biological Performance of Materials. Garrison, D. (2007). Minimizing Thermal Effects of In Vivo Body Sensors. Virginia. Handa, G. (2006). neural prostheses- past, present future. indian Journal of physical medicine rehabilitation. Locsin, A. (n.d.). What Engineer Designs Prosthetics? Retrieved from Everyday life : http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/engineer-designs-prosthetics-12210.html Michel Vert, e. a. (2012). Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012). Varrasi, J. (2014, February 27). Next-Gen Neural Prosthetics Require a New Materials Approach. Retrieved from livescience: http://www.livescience.com/43746-next-generation-prosthetics.html

Friday, October 25, 2019

Thomas Pynchons The Crying Lot 49 Essay -- Pynchon Crying Lot 49 Essa

Peter Barry says of the cultural materialist approach to literature that â€Å"it is difficult to know how to ‘place’ writing of this kind† (189). By â€Å"writing† Barry refers to cultural materialist criticism itself—not the work being criticized—but it is probably safe to assume that the analysis properly reflects the analyzed in this respect. It is certainly arguable that Thomas Pynchon’s THE CRYING OF LOT 49 qualifies as â€Å"difficult to place,† and this may be its only legitimate connection offered to a cultural materialist reading. Yet similarities arise between the text and the theory that suggest, at least on some level, a harmonious ideal. Of course, should such a comparison exist, it is only by the theory’s compatibility to the text, it being the work critiqued and, besides that, having originated much earlier than the theory. But there is value in contrasting the two as if they are more than just analysi s and analyzed, but two products of a literary history whose similarities point toward or influence ongoing likenesses. Such a likeness is their contribution to an overall theme of almost fairy tale-style escapism. A fundamental start is to examine the use of Shakespeare in both situations. This may seem odd without an understanding of its intrinsic contribution to both the novel and the theory. In LOT 49, Oedipa Maas encounters a number of eccentrics and organizations that all hint at involvement in some sort of mail system conspiracy, not the least of which is a Jacobean play called THE COURIER’S TRAGEDY by Richard Wharfinger. The play and playwright are of course fictional, but what’s more, they are blatantly—caustically—related to Shakespeare’s HAMLET. â€Å"Oedipa found herself after five minutes sucked utterly... ... structure to which they belong. This structure, in its very essence, seeks to â€Å"project† in a variety of ways new worlds by which to interpret reality. Works Cited Baldick, Chris. â€Å"Structuralism.† OXFORD CONCISE DICTIONARY OF LITERARY TERMS. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Barry, Peter. â€Å"Structuralism.† BEGINNING THEORY: AN INTRODUCTION TO LITERARY AND CULTURAL THEORY. 2nd edition. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002. Pynchon, Thomas. THE CRYING OF LOT 49. Perennial Classics edition. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1999. Scott, Sir Walter. IVANHOE. World Classics paperback edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Snicket, Lemony. A SERIES OF UNFORTUNATE EVENTS BOOK THE SIXTH: THE ERSATZ ELEVATOR. New York: Scholastic Inc., 2002.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Globalization: Economics and World

By reading Skidelsky’s article, he demonstrated a great explanation about the globalization and the future strategy for the world. According to this article, Skid sky analyzed the past financial recession influence to the world and the current world’s major issues in the world. In the Skidelsky’s article, he provided main arguments about globalization development after the collapse in autumn 2008. Before he provided a solution for the recession, Skidesky illustrated the current order problems in the world with examples and scholar’s theories.According to analysis Keynes and related theories, pointing the main problems of globalization, he believed that the most likely fate for globalization is to cooperate and implement cooperative solutions, which will be a quantum leap in the world to solve multiple problems. According to Skidelsky’s statement, the cooperation is necessary, which only accrued among states with the same values. Under this statement , he stated that the cooperation would be a useful tool to reduce the conflicts between democracy and globalization, which stated that non-democracy is important for states.Skidelsky’s provided other two options for the world, including creating a world sovereign and a project of Pax Americana. By comparing with among those three options, related a theory applies and real examples, Skidelsky demonstrated that the cooperative is the main option for the world to recovery from the global financial crisis. In order to ensure his argument more convinced, he also analyzed the current economic world situation with two scenarios, disintegration and global compact, which are only relying on specific countries or groups.Therefore, to solve the recession issue to the world, the cooperative becomes necessary, because the world cannot cut the recession. In the cooperation theory, only the vital state can become democratic. Within the whole nation, stronger states should follow the rules t o assist the weaker states to boost their economy. Skidelsky used the project for a league of democracies, George Soros to prove that cooperative between states is important. In the non-democratic version of cooperation, China and Russia are the major examples in the world.Furthermore, he demonstrated the game theory and treaties, which depended on the self-interest, which becomes the main element to development cooperative in the worldwide. From my opinion, I believed that the cooperative is the main issue to solve the recession issue in the world. With the development of globalization, a stronger country should assist other country to boost on their economic development. There is no economic government in the world. All countries and states need to focus on their self-interest and use power of cooperative with other countries to recovery from the financial recession.The implement cooperative solution is to reform in the state by cooperating within the country and cooperating with other countries in the world. By making joint efforts, the recession will be cut and the globalization will be powerful. Therefore, Skidelsky’s about cooperative argument is advancing and significant. There new solution will assist the world transfer from political economy to cooperation economy and the global financial recession will be reducing.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Cell Phone Use While Driving Essay

Cell phones and driving are like oil and water, they don’t mix well together. Not only is using your cell phone while driving dangerous, in some states it’s against the law (Which States Have Cell Phone, Texting While Driving Bans, 2011). It is smart to just let that text or call wait until you can pull safely off the road and answer it, or even wait until you have reached your destination to return the call. I don’t believe cell phones are the most dangerous distraction during driving, but it falls at the top of the list. You can feel the consequences of driving while using your cell phone mentally, physically, and financially. Driving while talking on the phone can affect your mental state. When engaged in a conversation on your cell while driving, your reaction times become slower. â€Å"The act of holding a conversation hinders the driver’s visual processing skills† (Cell phones create mental distraction, not physical hindrance, 2009, p.6). Your mind is elsewhere when it’s not focused on the road. To avoid causing harm to yourself or someone else, it is best to put the cell phone down and focus on the road. Additionally, driving and texting affect a person physically. The number one culprit of physical distractions is texting. If asked most mobile phone users believe driving while texting should be banned, but do it anyway. â€Å"49% of driver’s with cell phones between 20-29 years of age admit they text while driving† (Drivers Pan Texting Behind the Wheel, But Do It Anyway, 2009). That just shows that people have no regards to themselves, others, or the law. Just a quick glance to read or respond to a text is not worth risking your life. Finally, the last repercussion of using your cell phone while driving is the financial toll it can take on you and your family. The laws have been  changed to inflict fines and punishment on people who break this law. In Utah, you can be fined up to $1000 and spend time in jail for texting while driving (Toledo to ban texting while driving; ordinance to go into effect Jan. 1, 2009). That is just legal fines; this doesn’t include how much your insurance premium may go up for causing an accident. You may also be responsible for hospital bills if you cause injury to another motorist. Again, not worth it just to respond to a simple text. In closing, I whole heartedly believe that cell phone use while driving is in close comparison to drinking and driving. People are distracted everyday while driving, but I think cell phones pose a bigger threat as it makes you take your eyes completely off the road and you become unaware of what’s going on in front of, behind, and around you. Consequences could be fatal if you aren’t careful. I bet your family and friends would rather get a message or call from you while you are safe and alive, rather than a call from the police notifying them of an accident you caused due to using your cell phone while driving. References Which States Have Cell Phone, Texting While Driving Bans? (2011, December 14). PC Magazine Online. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA274957396&v=2.1&u=oran95108&it=r&p=ITOF&sw=w Cell phones create mental distraction, not physical hindrance. (2009, Spring). Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 12(1), 6. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA218027803&v=2.1&u=oran95108&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w Drivers Pan Texting Behind The Wheel, But Do It Anyway; A survey of 5,000 mobile phone users found about 60% of younger drivers admitted to texting while behind the wheels of their vehicles. (2009, May 20).InformationWeek. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA200206794&v=2.1&u=oran95108&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&p=AONE&sw=w Toledo to ban texting while driving; ordinance to go into effect Jan. 1. (2009, November 25). Blade [Toledo, OH]. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA212836882&v=2.1&u=oran95108&it=r&p=ITOF&sw=w